Nationalities

	Nationalities Assigning a nationality to an artist can be a difficult process. The nationalities which appear in IPCR are taken from the ULAN (Union List of Artist Names . . . located at (http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/ulan/index.html), which is part of the Getty Institute’s Vocabulary Program. The ULAN was selected in an effort to standardize the terms used to describe national origin. A list of all of the nationalities used in IPCR appears below, arranged alphabetically. Artists are identified primarily (but not always) by their nation of birth. Note that often dual nationalities are given, as in the case of "Brazilian, in France." This indicates that the artist in question was of Brazilian origin, but resided primarily in France. Also, when an artist was known to have worked in a particular country, but his/her place of birth is unknown, the more general term "fl." is used in combination with the known place of work, as in "fl. Germany." When the nationality of an artist is yet to be determined, none will display.

	Nationalities used in IPCR Algerian, in France Alsatian American American, in Britain American, in Canada American, in France Argentine Australian Austrian Austrian, in Denmark fl. Austria Belgian Belgian, in France Belgian, in U.S. Bohemian Brazilian Brazilian, in Britain Brazilian, in France British British, in Australia British, in Canada British, in Ireland British, in Netherlands British, in Scotland British, in U.S. Canadian Canadian, in U.S. Chilean Chinese, in France Chinese, in U.S. Colombian Costa Rican, in Mexico Croatian, in Italy Cuban Cuban, in U.S. Czechoslovakian Czech, in Austria Czech, in Switzerland Danish Dutch (see also Netherlandish) Dutch, in England Dutch, in France Dutch, in Germany Dutch, in Italy Dutch, in New Zealand Dutch, in Poland Dutch, in U.S Dutch/Flemish (used for names in [Holl. Neth.] and [Holl. New Neth.] that are without a clear nationality) fl. England Estonian Finnish Flemish Flemish, in Austria Flemish, in England Flemish, in France Flemish, in Germany Flemish, in Italy French French, in Austria French, in Chile French, in England French, in Germany French, in Italy French, in Netherlands French, in Russia French, in U.S. fl. France German German, in England German, in France German, in Italy German, in Netherlands German, in U.S. fl. Germany Greek Hungarian, in France Hungarian, in Germany Icelandic Indian Irish Irish, in U.S. Israeli Italian Italian, in France Italian, in Germany Italian, in Spain Italian, in U.S. fl. Italian Japanese Japanese, in Europe Japanese, in France Japanese, in Germany Korean, in France Korean, in U.S. Latvian Lithuanian Lithuanian, in U.S. Mexican Moravian Netherlandish early Netherlandish Norwegian Norwegian, in Germany Polish Polish, in Netherlands Portuguese Puerto Rican Romanian Russian Russian, France Russian, in U.S. South African Scottish Scottish, in U.S. Spanish Spanish, in France Spanish, in Mexico Spanish, in Scotland Spanish, in U.S. Swedish Swedish, in England Swedish, in U.S. Swiss Swiss, in France Swiss, in Germany Swiss, in Italy Swiss, in U.S. Ukrainian Venezuelan Yugoslavian Yugoslavian, in Italy